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Clairvoyance v. Mediumship Clairvoyants and mediums are often used interchangeably, and though they are similar in capacity, they differ in function. To truly understand where their differences lie, one must first understand the difference between clairvoyance and mediumship. Clairvoyance refers to the ability to sense persons, objects or events that are outside the range of perception of the ordinary five senses. As a paranormal phenomenon, it may occur in a normal state of mind, occurring spontaneously or through a force of will, or in a trance induced by various agents, such as drugs, fasting, illness, or meditation. It is sometimes associated with telepathy, though the information obtained through clairvoyance is gained directly from an external physical source whereas with telepathy, information is transferred from the mind of one individual to that of another. There are four main types of clairvoyance: X-ray, medical, traveling and platform. X-ray clairvoyance is described as the ability to see into closed spaces, such as boxes, envelopes, rooms, etc. Medical clairvoyance is the ability to see the inner mechanism of the human body and to diagnose diseases. Traveling clairvoyance involves a change in the center of perception resulting in a mental journey to a distant time or place. Platform clairvoyance is most closely associated with mediumship as it concerns seeing discarnate spirits. Perhaps as a result of this fourth type, clairvoyance is applied to mediumship. Medium is usually used to denote a person able to facilitate communication with spirits, the deceased and other non-corporeal entities. Like clairvoyance, there are several types of mediumship. Mental mediumship involves communication with spirits through clairvoyance or telepathy. In trance mediumship, a spirit takes over the body of the medium, who is either conscious or in a trance, and relays the messages from the departed. Trance mediumship is sometimes considered a form of mental mediumship, and both are sometimes referred to as channeling. Some mediums are believed to be able to produce physical paranormal phenomena, such as raps and noises, voices, materialized objects or levitation, through their interaction with these spirits. This last type is described as physical mediumship in which a spirit manipulates the energy released by the medium. Mediums can communicate using clairvoyance or any of its numerous forms, such as clairaudience, clairsentience, clairalience, clairgustance, and claircognizance, each characterized by an augmentation of one of the senses; a clairaudient medium, for instance, would be able to hear the voices of the deceased and a clairsentient medium could touch or feel a dead person’s possession and be able to communicate with them thusly. Clairgustance refers to the ability to taste something without the physical act of tasting and someone who is claircognizant possesses knowledge without knowing how or why. Some mediums have to train their minds to be clairvoyant, clairaudient, etc, through meditation while others claim this as the natural state of their minds. Clairvoyant mediums have been able to see the physical manifestation of a spirit or simply see them within their mind’s eye. The primary difference between clairvoyance and mediumship is that clairvoyance is an ability whereas mediumship is a practice. However, it must also be noted that mediums deal almost exclusively with the deceased, communicating with spirits, in a clairvoyant state. Clairvoyants on the other hand are not subject to this limitation. They simply perceive what others cannot which includes but is not restricted to the afterlife. Clairvoyants are, in theory, capable of ascertaining information from inanimate objects, from the living, of seeing into the future, or the past, as well as sensing events at great distances in the present. In spite of their differences, the authenticity of both of these concepts is highly debated. Critics and skeptics claim that individuals who claim to be mediums or clairvoyants are self-deluded or tricksters. Evidence collected by members of the Society for Psychical Research and other scientific investigators, however, support the contrary.